Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition in which the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart (the mitral valve) does not close properly.

 

Causes

The exact cause of mitral valve prolapse is often unknown. However, certain factors may contribute to its development:

  • Genetic predisposition: Mitral valve prolapse can run in families, suggesting a genetic component.
  • Connective tissue disorders: In some cases, mitral valve prolapse is associated with certain connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

 

Symptoms

Many individuals with mitral valve prolapse may not experience any symptoms. When present, symptoms may include:

  • Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias)
  • Fatigue or weakness
  • Chest pain that is typically sharp and brief
  • Shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion or when lying flat
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Anxiety or panic attacks

 

Risk factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing mitral valve prolapse:

  • Family history: Having a close relative with mitral valve prolapse increases the likelihood of developing the condition.
  • Gender: Women are more commonly affected than men.
  • Age: Mitral valve prolapse often develops during adolescence or early adulthood.

 

Diagnosis

Diagnosing mitral valve prolapse may involve the following:

  • Physical examination: A healthcare provider may listen to the heart using a stethoscope to detect a heart murmur, click sounds, or other abnormal sounds.
  • Echocardiogram: This imaging test uses sound waves to create images of the heart. It can assess the structure and function of the mitral valve and confirm the diagnosis.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can identify any abnormal heart rhythms.
  • Holter monitor: A portable device worn for 24-48 hours to record the heart’s electrical activity continuously.
  • Stress test: This test evaluates the heart’s function during physical exertion, such as walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike.

 

Treatment

Treatment for mitral valve prolapse may include:

  • Lifestyle modifications: In most cases, no treatment is required. However, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding caffeine or stimulants may help manage symptoms.
  • Medications: Medications are typically not needed for mitral valve prolapse. However, if symptoms are present, beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers may be prescribed to control heart rate or manage symptoms.
  • Infective endocarditis prevention: Antibiotics may be recommended before certain dental or surgical procedures to prevent infective endocarditis in individuals with mitral valve prolapse.

 

When to consult a physician

It is advisable to consult a physician if you experience symptoms associated with mitral valve prolapse, such as palpitations, chest pain, or significant shortness of breath. Additionally, if you have been diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and your symptoms worsen or new symptoms develop, it is recommended to seek medical attention.