Ventricular Septal Defect

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum, the wall that separates the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This opening allows blood to flow between the ventricles, leading to abnormal blood flow and potential strain on the heart.

Symptoms

The severity of VSD determines the presence and progression of symptoms. Small VSDs may be asymptomatic and may close on their own over time, however even small VSD can be associated with complications (i.e. endocarditis and aortic regurgitation). Larger defects can cause symptoms such as:

  • Heart murmurs: Abnormal sounds may be heard during a physical examination with a stethoscope.
  • Shortness of breath
  • Fatigue or easy tiring
  • Heart failure

In some individuals, VSDs may not cause symptoms until later in adulthood.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of ventricular septal defect involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, including:

  • Echocardiography: This ultrasound test provides detailed images of the heart, allowing visualization of the ventricular septum and detecting the presence and size of VSD.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and may show signs of left ventricular enlargement.
  • Cardiac catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the heart to measure pressures and obtain more detailed information about the defect.
  • Cardiac MRI or CT scan: These imaging tests can provide additional information about the heart’s anatomy and function.

 

Treatment

The treatment of ventricular septal defects depends on the size of the defect, the presence of symptoms, and the impact on heart function. Treatment options may include:

  • Small VSDs without symptoms may not require immediate treatment and may be monitored with regular check-ups to assess the defect as well as associated abnormalities. .
  • Medications: Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms, such as diuretics to reduce fluid buildup.
  • Surgical closure: Larger VSDs or those causing symptoms may require surgical closure. The procedure involves patching or sewing the hole in the ventricular septum.
  • Catheter-based closure: In some cases, a less invasive procedure called transcatheter closure may be used. A device is inserted through a catheter and placed over the VSD to close it.

 

When to Consult a Physician

If you experience symptoms such as rapid breathing, fatigue, or if there is a known family history of congenital heart defects, it is essential to consult a physician for evaluation. Early diagnosis and management of ventricular septal defects can prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes, even without symptoms.