Elbow (Olecranon) Fractures

Overview

Elbow (olecranon) fractures are injuries that involve a break in the bony tip of the elbow, known as the olecranon. This portion of the ulna is essential for elbow extension and arm function, making proper treatment critical for recovery.

Prompt evaluation and treatment by an orthopedic specialist are important to restore elbow movement, strength, and stability.

What Are Olecranon Fractures?

The olecranon is the prominent bony tip of the elbow and is part of the ulna (one of the forearm bones). It serves as the attachment point for the triceps muscle, which allows you to straighten your arm.

An olecranon fracture occurs when this bone breaks, often disrupting the ability to extend the elbow. These fractures may be:

• Non-displaced (bones remain aligned)
• Displaced (bones have shifted out of position)
• Comminuted (bone is broken into multiple pieces)

Because of the pull of the triceps muscle, displaced fractures are common and often require surgical treatment.

Common Symptoms of Olecranon Fractures

Symptoms typically occur immediately after injury and may include:

• Severe pain at the back of the elbow
• Swelling and bruising
• Tenderness to touch
• Difficulty or inability to straighten the elbow
• Visible deformity in more severe cases
• Numbness or tingling if nearby nerves are affected

If you experience significant elbow pain or cannot straighten your arm after an injury, prompt orthopedic evaluation is recommended.

Causes and Risk Factors

Trauma or direct force usually causes olecranon fractures. Common causes include:

• Falls directly onto the elbow
• Falls onto an outstretched hand
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Sports injuries or direct blows

Risk factors may include:

• Osteoporosis or decreased bone density
• Participation in high-impact activities
• Previous elbow injuries

An orthopedic specialist at UTHealth Houston can evaluate your injury and determine the appropriate treatment.

How Are Olecranon Fractures Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with a physical examination and a review of how the injury occurred. Orthopedic providers will assess pain, swelling, range of motion, and nerve function.

Imaging studies may include:

• X-rays to confirm the fracture and assess alignment
• CT scans in complex or comminuted fractures

These tests help determine the severity of the fracture and guide treatment planning.

Olecranon Fracture Treatment Options

Non-Surgical Treatments

Some non-displaced fractures may be treated without surgery, including:

• Immobilization with a splint or brace
• Pain management
• Activity restriction during healing
• Close follow-up with repeat imaging

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is often required for displaced fractures or those affecting elbow function.

Surgical options may include:

• Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using plates, screws, or tension band wiring
• Repair of associated soft tissue injuries

The goal of surgery is to restore alignment, stabilize the fracture, and allow early elbow movement.

When to See an Orthopedic Specialist

You should seek immediate orthopedic care if you experience:

• Severe elbow pain after injury
• Difficulty or inability to straighten the arm
• Swelling or visible deformity
• Numbness or tingling in the hand

Early treatment is important to prevent complications such as stiffness, loss of motion, or improper healing.

Expert Orthopedic Care at UTHealth Houston Orthopedics

Our orthopedic hand surgeons can provide comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment, from conservative care to advanced surgical options. If you’re experiencing wrist pain, hand numbness, or tingling, you can request an appointment (external link) to receive expert care and lasting relief.