Guideline for the Evaluation of Suspected Non-Accidental Trauma (NAT)


Original Date: 06/2021 | Supersedes: 06/2021 | Last Review Date: 11/2023
Purpose Statement: Guideline for the Evaluation of Suspected Non-Accidental Trauma (NAT)


Initial Screening for Occult Injury
Category Skeletal Survey Neuro-Imaging Ophthalmology Exam Lab Assessment Additional Testing Social Work
Age <6 months old with unexplained injury, suspicious injury* and/or witnessed physical abuse
NO indication for head CT based on MHH
Closed Head Injury Algorithm
or HCT<30 and plt>400
Yes⌃ Head CT and/or Brain MRI
(consider c spine MRI)¶
Yes, if abnormal head imaging CBC, CMP, lipase, UA with micro (bag),
PT/PTT/vW panel if non-pattern
bleeding/bruising or ICH w/out trauma
hx¥; UDS for altered mental status°
Per consultation with CARE team
and/or Trauma consultant;
abdominal CT with AST
or ALT >80; lipase >100
Consult for all patients
where there is concern
for abuse
WITH indication for head CT
based on MHH ED
Closed Head Injury Algorithm
or HCT<30 and plt>400
Yes⌃ Head CT and Brain MRI
(consider c spine MRI)¶
Yes, if abnormal head imaging
If normal head imaging,
then select cases
per CARE team
CBC, CMP, lipase, UA with
micro (bag), PT/PTT/vW panel
if non-pattern
bleeding/bruising or ICH w/out
trauma hx¥; UDS for altered
mental status°
Per consultation with
CARE team and/or
Trauma consultant;
abdominal CT with AST
or ALT >80; lipase >100
Consult for all patients
where there is concern
for abuse
Age ≥6 months old to <2 years old with unexplained injury, suspicious injury* and/or witnessed physical abuse
NO indication for head CT
based on MHH Closed Head Injury Algorithm
or HCT<30 and plt>400
Yes⌃ Brain MRI
(consider c spine MRI)¶
on select cases
per CARE team
Select cases per CARE
team
CBC, CMP, lipase, UA with
micro (bag), PT/PTT/vW panel
if non-pattern
bleeding/bruising or ICH w/out
trauma hx¥; UDS for altered
mental status°
Per consultation with
CARE team and/or
Trauma consultant;
abdominal CT with AST
or ALT >80; lipase >100
Consult for all patients
where there is concern
for abuse
WITH indication for head CT
based on MHH ED Closed Head Injury Algorithm
or HCT<30 and plt>400
Yes⌃ Head CT
and Brain MRI
(consider c spine MRI)¶
on select cases
per CARE team
Yes, if abnormal head
imaging
If normal head
imaging, then select
cases per CARE team
CBC, CMP, lipase, UA with
micro (bag), PT/PTT/vW panel
if non-pattern
bleeding/bruising or ICH w/out
trauma hx¥; UDS for altered
mental status°
Per consultation with
CARE team and/or
Trauma consultant;
abdominal CT with AST
or ALT >80; lipase >100
Consult for all patients
where there is concern
for abuse
Age ≥2 years old with unexplained injury, suspicious injury* and/or witnessed physical abuse
Selective testing based on MHH ED injury guidelines and if requested by CARE team or trauma consultation. Note: Skeletal Survey⌃ indicated when child is disabled or
immobilized, including children with 1) cerebral palsy, 2) neuromuscular disorders.
Consult for all patients
where there is concern
for abuse

* Rib fxs, metaphyseal fxs, multiple extremity fxs or single fx without explanation in non‐ambulatory infant or child, pattern bruising (any bruising <4 month without hx; bruising on torso, ear, neck in <4yo without hx), burn, social isolation, repeated ED visits for the same reason, abdominal injury, vaginal bleeding in prepubertal female

⌃ Need attending read for discharge; <24 month mandatory, 24‐36 months low threshold, decreasing benefit >36 months

¶ May be obtained as inpatient, if patient is admitted

¥ If extensive hematomas, consider UA, myoglobin, CPK, renal panel

° Hair testing may be recommended for children w/ concern for neglect and NAT burn/soft tissue injuries, children w/ a hx of either parental drug use or domestic violence; concern for ingestion
(obtain separate signed consent)

Admission: State Trauma Regulations mandate that children admitted to the hospital for injuries possibly due to NAT are admitted to surgical service for first 24 hours. If only admitted pending safe dispo, may be admitted to pediatrics

Discharge: Ensure protection of the child at discharge by way of the appropriate state department of family services via the ED SW or for in ‐patients, the CPP team.

Repeat Studies: Indicated in 2‐3 weeks whenever abuse is still suspected after initial evaluation

Special considerations: High suspicion for NAT in siblings, particularly twins of patients with evidence of NAT

Community hospitals: Perform clinically necessary imaging, make CPS referral, and transfer to TMC (may defer skeletal survey to TMC)


List of Suspicious Injuries (not all-inclusive)

  • Rib fractures without consistent history
  • Metaphyseal fractures
  • Multiple extremity fractures
  • Single fracture without explanation in non‐ambulatory infant or child
  • Pattern Bruising
  • Any bruising in <4 month without history
  • Bruising on torso, ear, neck in <4yo without consistent history
  • Burns
  • Social isolation
  • Repeated ED visits for same reason
  • Abdominal injury
  • Vaginal bleeding in prepubertal female

References
Anderst JD, Carpenter SL, Abshire TC, Section on Hematology/Oncology and Committee on Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Evaluation for bleeding disorders in suspected child abuse. Pediatrics 2013; 131:e1314.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/131/4/e1314.full.pdf

Christian CW, Levin AV, COUNCIL ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, et al. The Eye Examination in the Evaluation of Child Abuse. Pediatrics 2018; 142.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/142/2/e20181411.full.pdf

Christian CW, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e1337.

Raissaki M, Veyrac C, Blondiaux E, Hadjigeorgi C. Abdominal imaging in child abuse. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:4.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00247‐010‐1882‐5.pdf

Rubin DM, Christian CW, Bilaniuk LT, et al. Occult head injury in high‐risk abused children. Pediatrics 2003; 111:1382.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/111/6/1382.full.pdf

Sheets LK, Leach ME, Koszewski IJ, et al. Sentinel injuries in infants evaluated for child physical abuse. Pediatrics 2013; 131:701.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/131/4/701.full.pdf

Section on Radiology, American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Pediatrics 2009; 123:1430.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/123/5/1430.full.pdf

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria. Suspected physical abuse ‐ child.
https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546‐1440(17)30143‐6/pdf