Biography

Dr. Krishnan received his medical degree from Christian Medical College, Vellore, India and completed two residencies, one in internal medicine at Penn State Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, and another in radiation oncology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Dr. Krishnan moved to MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2004 for his first faculty position after residency and rose to full professor of radiation oncology there and was the Director of the Center for Radiation Oncology Research. He co-directed a T32 training grant on nanotechnology applications in cancer and co-directed the Radiation Oncology Program of the MD Anderson Cancer Center Support Grant.

Dr. Krishnan then joined Mayo Clinic Florida in 2019 as professor of radiation oncology. He co-directed the Gastrointestinal Cancers Program of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Support Grant, was Director of the Office of Clinical Trials for the institution, and helped with research efforts across the department, institution, and cancer center.

He recently returned to Houston as professor of radiation oncology at UTHealth Houston and continues his research activities on sensitizing tumors to radiation therapy and protecting normal tissues from radiation injury.

In the clinic, Dr. Krishnan treats patients with hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and rectal tumors. His clinical research has helped define the role of radiation therapy in the management of these cancers and identified predictors of response to treatment. His laboratory research focuses on devising new strategies to sensitize tumors to radiation therapy and protect normal tissues from radiation injury using nanoparticles, chemotherapeutics, biologics, and botanicals. A major thrust of the laboratory has been to study nanotechnology application in cancer imaging and therapy. His laboratory research has been continuously funded by peer-reviewed extramural grants for over 15 years, the majority of these being from the National Institutes of Health.

Dr. Krishnan has authored and coauthored over 300 peer-reviewed manuscripts, co-edited three textbooks, co-authored 20 book chapters, been awarded five patents (with six pending), and served as editor of multiple scientific journals including as editor-in-chief of Cancer Nanotechnology. His publications have been cited over 22,000 times; his h-index is above 85, and more than 75 of his papers have been cited over 100 times (I100 index of 75) highlighting the impact of his research work within the scientific community. He enjoys working with students at all stages of their academic career, leading an outstanding research team of clinicians and scientists, and collaborating with colleagues across departments and institutions. In particular, this manifests as interactions at the intersection of the physical and biological sciences, where there is much to be learned from otherwise non-intersecting disciplines.

Collaboration with Referring Physicians

Physicians at UTHealth Houston Neurosciences engage referring physicians in the care of their patients, keeping them informed throughout the evaluation and treatment process. After treatment, referring physicians receive a summary and a plan for follow-up. We encourage continued communication about each patient.

TO REFER A PATIENT:
P: (713) 486-7760
F: (713) 500-0884

UTHealth Houston Neurosciences – Texas Medical Center
Memorial Hermann Medical Plaza
6400 Fannin, Suite 2800
Houston, Texas 77030

Radiation Therapy Services
6400 Fannin, Suite 220
Houston, Texas 77030
P: (713) 704-2650
F: (713) 704-5710

Education

Medical Degree
Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
Residency
Internal Medicine – Penn State Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA
Residency
Radiation Oncology – Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN

Areas of Interest

Clinical Interests

Radiation oncology and molecular medicine

Research Interests

Dr. Krishnan’s research interests span clinical, translational, and basic science disciplines.

His clinical research focuses on gastrointestinal cancer treatment with radiation therapy. Research activities within this space relate to identification of molecular and radiographic biomarkers that predict treatment response, definition of the role of radiation dose escalation in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers, and evaluating new approaches for image-guided radiation therapy.

His translational research has led to the advancement of a variety of radiosensitization strategies from the bench to the bedside, including epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in gliomas, the natural product curcumin (derived from turmeric) in rectal cancer, histone deacetylase inhibitors in pancreatic cancer, multi-kinase inhibitors in pancreatic cancer, and combination chemotherapeutics in pancreatic cancer.

His laboratory research program is based primarily in the Institute of Molecular Medicine within the Center for Translational Cancer Research; and he also has a secondary lab in the Medical School Building Extension in the Department of Neurosurgery. The laboratory designs, fabricates, characterizes, and optimizes nanoparticles of many flavors – carbon-based, organic, inorganic, hybrid, and multilayered constructs for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy. The lab routinely tests these nanoconstructs in preclinical models of cancer in vitro and in vivo, focusing on tumor microenvironmental and immune interactions. A major focus of the laboratory is the use of gold nanoparticles as radiation sensitizers via radiation dose enhancement and/or photothermal activation, and designer nanoparticles that have improved pharmacokinetics and payload delivery characteristics via stimulus-responsiveness, bio-inspired molecular mimicry, Trojan-horse approaches, and phagocytosis evasion strategies.

Dr. Krishnan’s laboratory anchors a Center for Physical Energy Therapeutics where we evaluate new strategies of combining localized physical energy therapeutics (ionizing and non-ionizing radiation of all flavors, thermal therapies, ultrasound) with targeted therapeutics (custom nanoparticles, antibody-drug conjugates, PROTACs, immunotherapeutics) in a one-two punch approach that eliminates resistance mechanisms and pro-survival escape mechanisms.

Publications

Selected publications from > 300

Recent Publications

  1. Rauta PR, Mackeyev Y, Sanders K, Kim JBK, Gonzalez VV, Zahra Y, Shohayeb MA, Abousaida B, Vijay GV, Tezcan O, Derry P, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER, Carter R, Singh P, Krishnan S. Pancreatic tumor microenvironmental acidosis and hypoxia transform gold nanorods into cell-penetrant particles for potent radiosensitization. Sci Advances 2022 Nov; 8: eabm9729
  2. Raghuram S, Mackeyev Y, Symons J, Zahra Y, Gonzalez V, Mahadevan KK, Requejof KI, Liopo A, Derry P, Zubarev E, Sahin O, Kim JB-K, Singh PK, Cho S, Krishnan S. Uncloaking cell-impermeant gold nanorods via tumor microenvironmental cathepsin B facilitates cancer cell penetration and potent radiosensitization. Biomaterials 2022 Dec; 291:121887.
  3. Roy I, Krishnan S, Kabashin AV, Zavestovskaya IN, Prasad PN. Transforming Nuclear Medicine with Nanoradiopharmaceuticals. ACS Nano. 2022 Mar 16. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10550.
  4. Bhattarai S, Mackeyev Y, Venkatesulu BP, Krishnan S, Singh PK. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) targeted gold nanoparticles potently enhance radiotherapy outcomes in breast cancer. Nanoscale. 2021 Nov 25;13(45):19056-19065.
  5. Kim JB, Mackeyev Y, Raghuram S, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-decorated [60]fullerene for tumor imaging and radiation sensitization. Int J Radiat Biol. 2021 Jan 21:1-13.
  6. Sahin O, Meiyazhagan A, Ajayan PM, Krishnan S. Immunogenicity of Externally Activated Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Nov 28;12(12):E3559.
  7. Schuemann J, Bagley AF, Berbeco R, Bromma K, Butterworth KT, Byrne HL, Chithrani BD, Cho SH, Cook JR, Favaudon V, Gholami YH, Gargioni E, Hainfeld JF, Hespeels F, Heuskin AC, Ibeh UM, Kuncic Z, Kunjachan S, Lacombe S, Lucas S, Lux F, McMahon S, Nevozhay D, Ngwa W, Payne JD, Penninckx S, Porcel E, Prise KM, Rabus H, Ridwan SM, Rudek B, Sanche L, Singh B, Smilowitz HM, Sokolov KV, Sridhar S, Stanishevskiy Y, Sung W, Tillement O, Virani N, Yantasee W, Krishnan S. Roadmap for metal nanoparticles in radiation therapy: current status, translational challenges, and future directions. Phys Med Biol. 2020 Oct 22;65(21):21RM02.
  8. Ayala Orozco C, Liu D, Li Y, Alemany LB, Pal R, Krishnan S, Tour JM. Visible-Light-Activated Molecular Nanomachines Kill Pancreatic Cancer Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Jan 8;12(1):410-417.

Brain tumors

  1. Krishnan S, Rao RD, James CD, Sarkaria JN. Combination of epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy with radiation therapy for malignant gliomas. Front Biosci 8:E1-13, 2003.
  2. Rao RD, Uhm JH, Krishnan S, James CD. Genetic and signaling pathway alterations in glioblastoma: relevance to novel targeted therapies. Front Biosci 8:E270-280, 2003.
  3. Krishnan S, Brown PD, Ballman KV, Fiveash JB, Uhm JH, Giannini C, Jaeckle KA, Geoffroy FJ, Nabors LB, Buckner JC, Buckner JC. Phase I trial of erlotinib with radiation therapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: Results of North Central Cancer Treatment Group Protocol N0177. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65(4):1192-1199, 2006.
  4. Brown PD, Krishnan S, Sarkaria JN, Wu W, Jaeckle KA, Uhm JH, Geoffroy F, Arusell R, Kitange G, Jenkins RB, Kugler JW, Morton R, Rowland K, Mischel P, Yong WH, Scheithauer B, Schiff D, Giannini C, Buckner J. A North Central Cancer Treatment Group phase I/II trial (N0177) of erlotinib and temozolomide combined with radiation therapy in the treatment of newly-diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 26(34):5603-5609, 2008.
  5. Dilmanian FA*, Krishnan S*, McLaughlin WE, Lukaniec B, Baker JT, Ailawadi S, Hirsch KN, Cattell RF, Roy R, Helfer J, Kruger K, Spuhler K, He Y, Tailor R, Vassantachart A, Heaney DC, Zanzonico P, Gobbert MK, Graf JS, Nassimi JR, Fatemi NN, Schweitzer ME, Bangiyev L, Eley JG*. Merging Orthovoltage X-Ray Minibeams spare the proximal tissues while producing a solid beam at the target. Sci Rep. 9(1):1198, 2019.
  6. Eley JG, Chadha AS, Quini C, Vichaya EG, Zhang C, Davis J, Sahoo N, Waddell J, Leiser D, Dilmanian FA, Krishnan S. Pilot Study of Neurologic Toxicity in Mice after Proton Minibeam Therapy. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 9;10(1):11368.
  7. Eley JG, Haga CW, Keller A, Lazenby EM, Raver C, Rusek A, Dilmanian FA, Krishnan S, Waddell J. Heavy Ion Minibeam Therapy: Side Effects in Normal Brain. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Dec 9;13(24):6207.
  8. Gupta K, Jones JC, Farias VA, Mackeyev Y, Singh PK, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Krishnan S. Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations to Target KRAS-Driven Chemoradioresistant Cancers Utilizing Tumoroid Models of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Recurrent Glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2022 May 18;12:840241.

Gastrointestinal tumors

  1. Krishnan S, Janjan NA, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Wolff RA, Das P, Delclos ME, Chang GJ, Hoff PM, Eng C, Brown TD, Crane CH, Feig BW, Morris J, Vadhan-Raj S, Hamilton SR, Lin EH. Phase II study of capecitabine (Xeloda) and concomitant boost radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66(3):762-771, 2006.
  2. Krishnan S, Rana V, Janjan NA, Abbruzzese JL, Gould MS, Das P, Delclos ME, Palla S, Guha S, Varadhachary G, Evans DB, Wolff RA, Crane CH. Prognostic factors in patients with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with chemoradiation. Cancer 107(11):2589-2596, 2006.
  3. Krishnan S, Briere TM, Dong L, Murthy R, Ng C, Balter P, Mohan R, Gillin MT, Beddar AS. Daily targeting of liver tumors: Screening patients with a mock treatment and using a combination of internal and external fiducials for image-guided respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Med Phys 34(12):4591-4593, 2007.
  4. Krishnan S, Rana V, Janjan NA, Varadhachary GR, Abbruzzese JL, Das P, Delclos ME, Gould MS, Evans DB, Wolff RA, Crane CH. Induction chemotherapy selects locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer patients for optimal benefit from consolidative chemoradiation therapy. Cancer 110(1):47-55, 2007.
  5. Kunnumakkara AB, Diagaradjane P, Guha S, Deorukhkar A, Shentu S, Aggarwal BB, Krishnan S. Curcumin sensitizes human colorectal cancer xenografts in nude mice to gamma-radiation by targeting nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products. Clin Cancer Res 14(7)(7):2128-2136, 4/2008.
  6. Beddar AS, Briere TM, Balter P, Pan T, Tolani N, Ng C, Szklaruk J, Krishnan S. 4D-CT imaging with synchronized intravenous contrast injection to improve delineation of liver tumors for treatment planning. Radiother Oncol 87(3):445-448, 2008. e-Pub 1/2008.
  7. Kim MM, Mansfield PF, Das P, Janjan NA, Badgwell BD, Phan AT, Delclos ME, Maru D, Ajani JA, Crane CH, Krishnan S. Chemoradiation therapy for potentially resectable gastric cancer: clinical outcomes among patients who do not undergo planned surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71(1):167-172, 2008.
  8. Kim MM, Rana V, Janjan NA, Das P, Phan AT, Delclos ME, Mansfield PF, Ajani JA, Crane CH, Krishnan S. Clinical benefit of palliative radiation therapy in advanced gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 47(3):421-427, 2008.
  9. Borghero Y, Crane CH, Szklaruk J, Oyarzo M, Thomas MB, Brown T, Curley S, Evans D, Abdalla EK, Delclos M, Das P, Krishnan S, Wistuba II, Vauthey JN. Extrahepatic bile duct adenocarcinoma: patients at high-risk for local recurrence treated with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiation have an equivalent overall survival to patients with standard-risk treated with surgery alone. Ann Surg Oncol 15(11):3147-3156, 2008.
  10. Tong Z, Kunnumakkara AB, Wang H, Matsuo Y, Diagaradjane P, Harikumar KB, Ramachandran V, Sung B, Chakraborty A, Logsdon C, Aggarwal BB, Krishnan S, Guha S. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a novel suppressor of invasion and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 68(15):6100-6108, 2008.
  11. Krishnan S, Dawson LA, Seong J, Akine Y, Beddar S, Briere TM, Crane CH, Mornex F. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview. Ann Surg Oncol 15(4):1015-1024, 2008.
  12. Krishnan S, Rana V, Evans DB, Varadhachary G, Das P, Bhatia S, Delclos ME, Janjan NA, Wolff RA, Crane CH, Pisters PW. Role of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy in adenocarcinomas of the ampulla of Vater. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70(3):735-743, 2008.
  13. Briere TM, Beddar S, Balter P, Murthy R, Gupta S, Nelson C, Starkschall G, Gillin MT, Krishnan S. Respiratory gating with EPID-based verification: the MDACC experience. Phys Med Biol 54(11):3379-3391, 6/2009.
  14. Sandur SK, Deorukhkar A, Pandey MK, Pabón AM, Shentu S, Guha S, Aggarwal BB, Krishnan S. Curcumin modulates the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by suppressing constitutive and inducible NF-kappaB activity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75(2):534-542, 10/2009.
  15. Park HC, Janjan NA, Mendoza TR, Lin EH, Vadhan-Raj S, Hundal M, Zhang Y, Delclos ME, Crane CH, Das P, Wang XS, Cleeland CS, Krishnan S. Temporal Patterns of Fatigue Predict Pathologic Response in Patients Treated with Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75(3):775-781, 11/2009.
  16. Skinner HD, Sharp HJ, Kaseb AO, Javle MM, Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Delclos ME, Das P, Crane CH, Krishnan S. Radiation treatment outcomes for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Oncol 50(8):1191-1198, 11/2011.
  17. Chadha AS, Kocak-Uzel E, Das P, Minsky BD, Delclos ME, Mahmood U, Guha S, Ahmad M, Varadhachary GR, Javle M, Katz MH, Fleming JB, Wolff RA, Crane CH, Krishnan S. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis independently predicts poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Acta Oncol 54(7):971-8, 7/2015.
  18. Krishnan S, Chadha AS, Suh Y, Chen HC, Rao A, Das P, Minsky BD, Mahmood U, Delclos ME, Sawakuchi GO, Beddar S, Katz MH, Fleming JB, Javle MM, Varadhachary GR, Wolff RA, Crane CH. Focal Radiation Therapy Dose Escalation Improves Overall Survival in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Induction Chemotherapy and Consolidative Chemoradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 94(4):755-65, 3/2016.
  19. Chadha AS, Khoo A, Aliru ML, Arora HK, Gunther JR, Krishnan S. Recent Advances and Prospects for Multimodality Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 26(4):320-37, 10/2016.
  20. Chadha AS, Skinner HD, Gunther JR, Munsell MF, Das P, Minsky BD, Delclos ME, Chatterjee D, Wang H, Clemons M, George G, Singh PK, Katz MH, Fleming JB, Javle MM, Wolff RA, Varadhachary GR, Crane CH, Krishnan S. Phase I Trial of Consolidative Radiotherapy with Concurrent Bevacizumab, Erlotinib and Capecitabine for Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer. PLoS One 11(6):e0156910, 2016.
  21. Chadha AS, Liu G, Chen HC, Das P, Minsky BD, Mahmood U, Delclos ME, Suh Y, Sawakuchi GO, Beddar S, Katz MH, Fleming JB, Javle MM, Varadhachary GR, Wolff RA, Crane CH, Wang X, Thames H, Krishnan S. Does Unintentional Splenic Radiation Predict Outcomes After Pancreatic Cancer Radiation Therapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 97(2):323-332, 2/2017
  22. Gunther JR, Chadha AS, Shin US, Park IJ, Kattepogu KV, Grant JD, Weksberg DC, Eng C, Kopetz SE, Das P, Delclos ME, Kaur H, Maru DM, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, You YN, Krishnan S, Chang GJ. Preoperative radiation dose escalation for rectal cancer using a concomitant boost strategy improves tumor downstaging without increasing toxicity: A matched-pair analysis. Adv Radiat Oncol 2(3):455-464, Jul-Sep, 7/2017
  23. Hsieh CE, Venkatesulu BP, Lee CH, Hung SP, Wong PF, Aithala SP, Kim BK, Rao A, Tung-Chieh Chang J, Tsang NM, Wang CC, Lee CC, Lin CC, Tseng JH, Chou WC, Wang YC, Krishnan S, Hong JH. Predictors of Radiation-Induced Liver Disease in Eastern and Western Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Proton Beam Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
  24. Singh PK, Deorukhkar AA, Venkatesulu BP, Li X, Tailor R, Bomalaski JS, Krishnan S. Exploiting Arginine Auxotrophy with Pegylated Arginine Deiminase (ADI-PEG20) to Sensitize Pancreatic Cancer to Radiotherapy via Metabolic Dysregulation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2019 Aug 8.
  25. Chadha AS, Gunther JR, Hsieh CE, Aliru M, Mahadevan LS, Venkatesulu BP, Crane CH, Das P, Herman JM, Koay EJ, Taniguchi C, Holliday EB, Minsky BD, Suh Y, Park P, Sawakuchi G, Beddar S, Odisio BC, Gupta S, Loyer E, Kaur H, Raghav K, Javle MM, Kaseb AO, Krishnan S. Proton beam therapy outcomes for localized unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2019 Apr;133:54-61.
  26. Toomey S, Gunther J, Carr A, Weksberg DC, Thomas V, Salvucci M, Bacon O, Sherif EM, Fay J, Kay EW, Sheehan KM, McNamara DA, Sanders KL, Mathew G, Breathnach OS, Grogan L, Morris PG, Foo WC, You YN, Prehn JH, O’Neill B, Krishnan S, Hennessy BT, Furney SJ. Genomic and Transcriptomic Characterisation of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Jul 6;12(7):1808.
  27. Dayde D, Gunther J, Hirayama Y, Weksberg DC, Boutin A, Parhy G, Aguilar-Bonavides C, Wang H, Katayama H, Abe Y, Do KA, Hara K, Kinoshita T, Komori K, Shimizu Y, Tajika M, Niwa Y, Wang YA, DePinho R, Hanash S, Krishnan S, Taguchi A. Identification of Blood-Based Biomarkers for the Prediction of the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Rectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jul 20;13(14):3642.
  28. Hsieh RC, Krishnan S, Wu RC, Boda AR, Liu A, Winkler M, Hsu WH, Lin SH, Hung MC, Chan LC, Bhanu KR, Srinivasamani A, De Azevedo RA, Chou YC, DePinho RA, Gubin M, Vilar E, Chen CH, Slay R, Jayaprakash P, Hegde SM, Hartley G, Lea ST, Prasad R, Morrow B, Couillault CA, Steiner M, Wang CC, Venkatesulu BP, Taniguchi C, Kim YSB, Chen J, Rudqvist NP, Curran MA. ATR-mediated CD47 and PD-L1 up-regulation restricts radiotherapy-induced immune priming and abscopal responses in colorectal cancer. Sci Immunol. 2022 Jun 10;7(72):eabl9330. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9330.

Nanotechnology

  1. Diagaradjane P, Orenstein-Cardona JM, E Colón-Casasnovas N, Deorukhkar A, Shentu S, Kuno N, Schwartz DL, Gelovani JG, Krishnan S. Imaging epidermal growth factor receptor expression in vivo: pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characterization of a bioconjugated quantum dot nanoprobe. Clin Cancer Res 14(3):731-741, 2/2008.
  2. Diagaradjane P, Shetty A, Wang JC, Elliott AM, Schwartz J, Shentu S, Park HC, Deorukhkar A, Stafford RJ, Cho SH, Tunnell JW, Hazle JD, Krishnan S. Modulation of in Vivo Tumor Radiation Response via Gold Nanoshell-Mediated Vascular-Focused Hyperthermia: Characterizing an Integrated Antihypoxic and Localized Vascular Disrupting Targeting Strategy. Nano Lett 8(5):1492-1500, 2008.
  3. Cho SH, Jones BL, Krishnan S. The dosimetric feasibility of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) via brachytherapy using low-energy gamma-/x-ray sources. Phys Med Biol 54(16):4889-4905, 8/2009.
  4. Cheong SK, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Modeling of plasmonic heating from individual gold nanoshells for near-infrared laser-induced thermal therapy. Med Phys 36(10):4664-4671, 10/2009.
  5. Puvanakrishnan P, Park J, Diagaradjane P, Schwartz JA, Coleman CL, Gill-Sharp KL, Sang KL, Payne JD, Krishnan S, Tunnell JW. NIR narrow band imaging of gold/silica nanoshells in tumors. J Biomed Opt 14(2):024044, 2009.
  6. Diagaradjane P, Deorukhkar A, Gelovani JG, Maru DM, Krishnan S. Gadolinium chloride augments tumor-specific imaging of targeted quantum dots in vivo. ACS Nano 4(7):4131-4141, 7/2010.
  7. Krishnan S, Diagaradjane P, Cho SH. Nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapy: Evolving strategies for prostate cancer therapy. Int J Hyperthermia. e-Pub 9/2010.
  8. Atkinson RL, Zhang M, Diagaradjane P, Peddibhotla S, Contreras A, Hilsenbeck SG, Woodward WA, Krishnan S, Chang JC, Rosen JM. Thermal enhancement with optically activated gold nanoshells sensitizes breast cancer stem cells to radiation therapy. Sci Transl Med 2(55):55ra79, 10/2010.
  9. Jones BL, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Estimation of microscopic dose enhancement factor around gold nanoparticles by Monte Carlo calculations. Med Phys 37(7):3809-3816, 2010.
  10. Park J, Estrada A, Schwartz JA, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S, Payne JD, Dunn AK, Tunnell JW. Intra-organ biodistribution of gold nanoparticles using intrinsic two photon induced photoluminescence. Lasers Surg Med 42(7):630-639, 2010.
  11. Xie H, Diagaradjane P, Deorukhkar AA, Goins B, Bao A, Phillips WT, Wang Z, Schwartz J, Krishnan S. Integrin avß3-targeted gold nanoshells augment tumor vasculature-specific imaging and therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 6:259-269, 2011.
  12. Chatterjee DK, Diagardjane P, Krishnan S. Nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia in cancer therapy. Ther Deliv 2(8):1001–1014, 2011.
  13. Puvanakrishnan P, Diagaradjane P, Kazmi SM, Dunn AK, Krishnan S, Tunnell JW. Narrow band imaging of squamous cell carcinoma tumors using topically delivered anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanorods. Lasers Surg Med 44(4):310-317, 4/2012.
  14. Puvanakrishnan P, Park J, Chatterjee D, Krishnan S, Tunnell JW. In vivo tumor targeting of gold nanoparticles: effect of particle type and dosing strategy. Int J Nanomedicine 7:1251-1258, 2012.
  15. Chatterjee DK, Wolfe T, Lee J, Brown AP, Singh PK, Bhattarai SR, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S. Convergence of nanotechnology with radiation therapy – insights and implications for clinical translation. Transl Cancer Res 2(4):256-268, 2013.
  16. Lee J, Chatterjee DK, Lee MH, Krishnan S. Gold nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment: Promise and potential pitfalls. Cancer Lett pii:S0304-3835(14)00097-4.
  17. Reynoso FJ, Manohar N, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Design of an Yb-169 source optimized for gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. Med Phys 41(10):101709, 10/2014.
  18. Chen W, Ayala-Orozco C, Biswal N, Perez-Torres C, Bartels M, Bardhan R, Liu X-D, Ji B, Deorukhkar A, Paulter RG, Guha S, Krishnan S, Halas NJ, Joshi A. Targeting pancreatic cancer with magneto-fluorescent theranostic gold nanoshells. Nanomedicine 9(8):1209-22, 2014.
  19. Dilmanian FA, Eley JG, Krishnan S. Minibeam therapy with protons and light ions: physical feasibility and potential to reduce radiation side effects and to facilitate hypofractionation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 92(2):469-74, 6/2015
  20. Wolfe T, Chatterjee D, Lee J, Grant JD, Bhattarai S, Tailor R, Goodrich G, Nicolucci P, Krishnan S. Targeted gold nanoparticles enhance sensitization of prostate tumors to megavoltage radiation therapy in vivo. Nanomedicine 11(5):1277-83, 7/2015. e-Pub 1/2015. PMCID: PMC4476911.
  21. Dilmanian FA, Eley JG, Rusek A, Krishnan S. Charged particle therapy with mini-segmented beams. Front Oncol 5:269, 2015.
  22. Schuemann J, Berbeco R, Chithrani DB, Cho SH, Kumar R, McMahon SJ, Sridhar S, Krishnan S. Roadmap to Clinical Use of Gold Nanoparticles for Radiation Sensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 94(1):189-205, 1/2016.
  23. Manohar N, Reynoso FJ, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Quantitative imaging of gold nanoparticle distribution in a tumor-bearing mouse using benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography. Sci Rep 6:22079, 2/2016.
  24. Cho J, Gonzalez-Lepera C, Manohar N, Kerr M, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Quantitative investigation of physical factors contributing to gold nanoparticle-mediated proton dose enhancement. Phys Med Biol 61(6):2562-81, 3/2016.
  25. Gameiro SR, Malamas AS, Bernstein MB, Tsang KY, Vassantachart A, Sahoo N, Tailor R, Pidikiti R, Guha CP, Hahn SM, Krishnan S, Hodge JW. Tumor Cells Surviving Exposure to Proton or Photon Radiation Share a Common Immunogenic Modulation Signature, Rendering Them More Sensitive to T-cell-Mediated Killing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 95(1):120-30, 5/2016.
  26. Datta NR, Krishnan S, Speiser DE, Neufeld E, Kuster N, Bodis S, Hofmann H. Magnetic nanoparticle-induced hyperthermia with appropriate payloads: Paul Ehrlich’s “magic (nano)bullet” for cancer theranostics? Cancer Treat Rev 50:217-227, 11/2016.
  27. Bhattarai SR, Derry PJ, Aziz K, Singh PK, Khoo AM, Chadha AS, Liopo A, Zubarev ER, Krishnan S. Gold nanotriangles: scale up and X-ray radiosensitization effects in mice. Nanoscale 9(16):5085-5093, 4/2017.
  28. Yu CY, Xu H, Ji S, Kwok RT, Lam JW, Li X, Krishnan S, Ding D, Tang BZ. Mitochondrion-Anchoring Photosensitizer with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics Synergistically Boosts the Radiosensitivity of Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation. Adv Mater 29(15), 4/2017.
  29. Khoo AM, Cho SH, Reynoso FJ, Aliru M, Aziz K, Bodd M, Yang X, Ahmed MF, Yasar S, Manohar N, Cho J, Tailor R, Thames HD, Krishnan S. Radiosensitization of Prostate Cancers In Vitro and In Vivo to Erbium-filtered Orthovoltage X-rays Using Actively Targeted Gold Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 7(1):18044, 12/2017.
  30. Saraf RF, Raghunath S, Prasad Abhijeet, Tevatia R, Gunther J, Roy S, Krishnan S. Quantitative Electrochemical DNA Microarray on a Monolith Electrode with 10 Attomolar Sensitivity, 100% Specificity, and Zero Background. ChemElectroChem. e-Pub 2017.
  31. Xu H, Wang T, Yang C, Li X, Liu G, Yang Z, Singh PK, Krishnan S, Ding D. Supramolecular Nanofibers of Curcumin for Highly Amplified Radiosensitization of Colorectal Cancers to Ionizing Radiation. Adv Funct Mater 28, 1/2018.
  32. Yang X, Venkatesulu BP, Mahadevan LS, Aliru ML, Mackeyev Y, Singh A, Prasad PN, Krishnan S. Gold-Small Interfering RNA as Optically Responsive Nanostructures for Cancer Theranostics. J Biomed Nanotechnol 14(5):1-20, 5/2018.
  33. Chen Y, Bian X, Aliru M, Deorukhkar AA, Ekpenyong O, Liang S, John J, Ma J, Gao X, Schwartz J, Singh P, Ye Y, Krishnan S, Xie H. Hypoxia-targeted gold nanorods for cancer photothermal therapy. Oncotarget 9(41):26556-26571, 5/2018.
  34. Jayarathna S, Manohar N, Ahmed MF, Krishnan S, Cho SH. Evaluation of dose point kernel rescaling methods for nanoscale dose estimation around gold nanoparticles using Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Sci Rep. 9(1):3583, 2019.
  35. Habiba K, Aziz K, Sanders K, Santiago CM, Mahadevan LSK, Makarov V, Weiner BR, Morell G, Krishnan S. Enhancing Colorectal Cancer Radiation Therapy Efficacy using Silver Nanoprisms Decorated with Graphene as Radiosensitizers. Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 19;9(1):17120.
  36. Ayala Orozco C, Liu D, Li Y, Alemany LB, Pal R, Krishnan S, Tour JM. Visible-Light-Activated Molecular Nanomachines Kill Pancreatic Cancer Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Jan 8;12(1):410-417.
  37. Gunasekera RS, Galbadage T, Ayala-Orozco C, Liu D, García-López V, Troutman BE, Tour JJ, Pal R, Krishnan S, Cirillo JD, Tour JM. Molecular Nanomachines Can Destroy Tissue or Kill Multicellular Eukaryotes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Mar 25;12(12):13657-13670.
  38. Schuemann J, Bagley AF, Berbeco R, Bromma K, Butterworth KT, Byrne HL, Chithrani BD, Cho SH, Cook JR, Favaudon V, Gholami YH, Gargioni E, Hainfeld JF, Hespeels F, Heuskin AC, Ibeh UM, Kuncic Z, Kunjachan S, Lacombe S, Lucas S, Lux F, McMahon S, Nevozhay D, Ngwa W, Payne JD, Penninckx S, Porcel E, Prise KM, Rabus H, Ridwan SM, Rudek B, Sanche L, Singh B, Smilowitz HM, Sokolov KV, Sridhar S, Stanishevskiy Y, Sung W, Tillement O, Virani N, Yantasee W, Krishnan S. Roadmap for metal nanoparticles in radiation therapy: current status, translational challenges, and future directions. Phys Med Biol. 2020 Oct 22;65(21):21RM02.
  39. Malouff TD, Seneviratne DS, Ebner DK, Stross WC, Waddle MR, Trifiletti DM, Krishnan S. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A Review of Clinical Applications. Front Oncol. 2021 Feb 26;11:601820.
  40. Sahin O, Meiyazhagan A, Ajayan PM, Krishnan S. Immunogenicity of Externally Activated Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Nov 28;12(12):E3559.
  41. Kim JB, Mackeyev Y, Raghuram S, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-decorated [60]fullerene for tumor imaging and radiation sensitization. Int J Radiat Biol. 2021 Jan 21:1-13.
  42. Roy I, Krishnan S, Kabashin AV, Zavestovskaya I, Prasad PN. Transforming Nuclear Medicine with Nanoradiopharmaceuticals. ACS Nano. 2022 Mar 16.
  43. Bhattarai S, Mackeyev Y, Venkatesulu BP, Krishnan S, Singh PK. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) targeted gold nanoparticles potently enhance radiotherapy outcomes in breast cancer. Nanoscale. 2021 Nov 25;13(45):19056-19065.
  44. Manohar N, Reynoso F, Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Ahmed MF, Diagaradjane P, Krishnan S, Cho SH. High-sensitivity imaging and quantification of intratumoral distributions of gold nanoparticles using a benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system. Opt Lett. 2019 Nov 1;44(21):5314-5317.
  45. Bromma K, Dos Santos N, Barta I, Alexander A, Beckham W, Krishnan S, Chithrani DB. Enhancing nanoparticle accumulation in two dimensional, three dimensional, and xenograft mouse cancer cell models in the presence of docetaxel. Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 5;12(1):13508.
  46. DuRoss AN, Phan J, Lazar AJ, Walker JM, Guimaraes AR, Baas C, Krishnan S, Thomas CR, Sun C, Babley A. Radiotherapy reimagined: Integrating nanomedicines into radiotherapy clinical trials. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022 Oct 28:e1867.
  47. Roy I, Krishnan S, Kabashin AV, Zavestovskaya IN, Prasad PN. Transforming Nuclear Medicine with Nanoradiopharmaceuticals. ACS Nano. 2022 Mar 16.
  48. Raghuram S, Mackeyev Y, Symons J, Zahra Y, Gonzalez V, Mahadevan KK, Requejof KI, Liopo A, Derry P, Zubarev E, Sahin O, Kim JB-K, Singh PK, Cho S, Krishnan S. Uncloaking cell-impermeant gold nanorods via tumor microenvironmental cathepsin B facilitates cancer cell penetration and potent radiosensitization. Biomaterials 2022 Dec; 291:121887.
  49. Rauta PR, Mackeyev Y, Sanders K, Kim JBK, Gonzalez VV, Zahra Y, Shohayeb MA, Abousaida B, Vijay GV, Tezcan O, Derry P, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER, Carter R, Singh P, Krishnan S. Pancreatic tumor microenvironmental acidosis and hypoxia transform gold nanorods into cell-penetrant particles for potent radiosensitization. Sci Advances 2022 Nov; 8: eabm9729

Funding

Current

1R01CA257241              (Krishnan, Cho)                         12/01/2020-11/30/2025
NCI/NIH
Rational translation of gold nanoparticle mediated radiosensitization to the clinic

R01DE028105               (Krishnan, Skinner)                    12/27/2018- 12/31/2023
NIDCR/NIH
Enhancing immune mediated head and neck cancer anti-tumor activity using nanoparticles

U01CA216468               (Lin, Krishnan)                           09/05/2017 – 08/31/2022 NCE
NCI/NIH
Enhancing Chemoradiation Efficacy through Unbiased Drug Discovery Approaches

R21CA252156              (Sokolov, Krishnan)                   07/01/2020- 06/30/2022 NCE
NCI/NIH
In situ cancer cell specific synthesis of gold nanoclusters for radiosensitization of pancreatic cancer

R01CA274415               (Sokolov, Cho, Krishnan)           09/01/2022 – 08/31/2027
NCI/NIH
In situ cancer cell specific biomineralization to overcome nanoparticle delivery barriers and sensitize pancreatic cancer to radiotherapy

W81XWH-20-1-0600     (Grattoni, Chen)                         08/01/2020 – 07/31/2023
Transforming Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment Through Intratumoral Immunotherapy via Nanofluidic Drug-Eluting Seed
Role: Co-investigator